Cassiopeia A - NGC 3603 - NGC 4736 (M94) - ZwCl 0024+1652
Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO
Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO
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A Cosmic Red, White & Blue-More Videos
A Cosmic Red, White & Blue-More Videos
In celebration of the 250th birthday of the United States, NASA has unveiled four cosmic images from its Chandra X-ray Observatory rendered in red, white, and blue that represent the wonders of the universe the agency explores. The images are accompanied by a trio of new sonifications — a technique that translates astronomical data into sounds.
The image set begins with Cassiopeia A in the top panel, where X-rays from Chandra (represented in blue and purple) have been combined with an infrared image from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (red and white). Chandra’s X-ray vision reveals the blast wave that tore through the star, as well as elements in the debris field like iron, calcium, and oxygen. Webb’s infrared data also shows the expanding shell of material from the explosion and cosmic dust throughout the remnant.
In the bottom row, the first image on the left is the nebula NGC 3603, which contains a massive cluster of stars and is located in the Milky Way galaxy. This new composite image contains Chandra’s X-ray data (red and white) and shows diffuse emission near the galaxy’s center along with point-like X-ray sources throughout the middle of the image. Optical, infrared, and ultraviolet light from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope (red-orange, green, blue, and yellow) reveal stars in the center of the image and dust and gas toward the bottom. The combined layering of the colors makes this nebula and the stars forming within it appear primarily red, white, and blue, with X-rays showing the sparkling lights of young stars.
The middle panel of the bottom row is a new look at the galaxy NGC 4736, also known as Messier 94. In this image, X-rays of different wavelengths from Chandra (red, orange, and blue) are layered with a visible light image from astrophotographers using their telescopes on the ground (red, green, and blue). Messier 94 is a spiral galaxy with a bright inner ring around it, called a starburst ring, where new stars are forming, perhaps fueled by gas driven in the unique oval-shaped structure seen here.
The final image in this red, white, and blue quartet features ZwCl 0024+1652. This is a distant galaxy cluster in which astronomers have found evidence for dark matter by using specially processed data from Hubble (blue). Another image from Hubble reveals the individual galaxies in the cluster (appearing as yellow and white). X-ray data from Chandra shows the enormous reservoir of superheated gas that pervades this galaxy cluster (red) with much more mass than all the galaxies taken together.
New sonifications of the three images along the bottom row of this mosaic are also available, allowing listeners to experience data through sound.
The translation of NGC 3603 into sound begins with a left to right scan, where the brightnesses of the sources once again dictate volume. Chandra’s observations of compact sources sprinkled throughout the galaxy are heard as piano notes, while the diffuse X-ray emission is mapped to a range of audio frequencies. The Hubble optical data is played as sustained tones and acoustic guitar harmonics.
The image set begins with Cassiopeia A in the top panel, where X-rays from Chandra (represented in blue and purple) have been combined with an infrared image from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (red and white). Chandra’s X-ray vision reveals the blast wave that tore through the star, as well as elements in the debris field like iron, calcium, and oxygen. Webb’s infrared data also shows the expanding shell of material from the explosion and cosmic dust throughout the remnant.
In the bottom row, the first image on the left is the nebula NGC 3603, which contains a massive cluster of stars and is located in the Milky Way galaxy. This new composite image contains Chandra’s X-ray data (red and white) and shows diffuse emission near the galaxy’s center along with point-like X-ray sources throughout the middle of the image. Optical, infrared, and ultraviolet light from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope (red-orange, green, blue, and yellow) reveal stars in the center of the image and dust and gas toward the bottom. The combined layering of the colors makes this nebula and the stars forming within it appear primarily red, white, and blue, with X-rays showing the sparkling lights of young stars.
The middle panel of the bottom row is a new look at the galaxy NGC 4736, also known as Messier 94. In this image, X-rays of different wavelengths from Chandra (red, orange, and blue) are layered with a visible light image from astrophotographers using their telescopes on the ground (red, green, and blue). Messier 94 is a spiral galaxy with a bright inner ring around it, called a starburst ring, where new stars are forming, perhaps fueled by gas driven in the unique oval-shaped structure seen here.
The final image in this red, white, and blue quartet features ZwCl 0024+1652. This is a distant galaxy cluster in which astronomers have found evidence for dark matter by using specially processed data from Hubble (blue). Another image from Hubble reveals the individual galaxies in the cluster (appearing as yellow and white). X-ray data from Chandra shows the enormous reservoir of superheated gas that pervades this galaxy cluster (red) with much more mass than all the galaxies taken together.
New sonifications of the three images along the bottom row of this mosaic are also available, allowing listeners to experience data through sound.
The translation of NGC 3603 into sound begins with a left to right scan, where the brightnesses of the sources once again dictate volume. Chandra’s observations of compact sources sprinkled throughout the galaxy are heard as piano notes, while the diffuse X-ray emission is mapped to a range of audio frequencies. The Hubble optical data is played as sustained tones and acoustic guitar harmonics.
In the sonification of NGC 4736, the radar-like scan moves clockwise, and the brightness of the sources dictates the volume of the sounds. X-rays from Chandra have been turned into wind-like sounds that follow the shape of the X-ray emission. Neutron stars and stellar-mass black holes (known as “compact sources”) detected by Chandra are mapped to pitched tones on a glass marimba. Optical data from ground-based observations is mapped to musically pitched tones, creating a low drone, while stars and background galaxies are heard as a soft piano.
For ZwCl 0024+1652, the sonification begins as a circle on the outside of the image and moves inward. The volume is linked to the brightness of the data, reaching one peak as the circle passes over the dark matter detected by inference from Hubble optical observations and another as it reaches the core. The background stars are heard as a swelling glockenspiel-like sound, and the galaxies are played on a piano. Chandra’s X-rays, which dominate the center of the galaxy cluster and reveal superheated gas, are represented by airy synthesizer notes.
The sonification program is led by the Chandra X-ray Center (CXC) and included as part of NASA's Universe of Learning program. The collaboration was driven by visualization scientist Kimberly Arcand (CXC), Matt Russo, astrophysicist; and Andrew Santaguida, musician, SYSTEM Sounds project; along with Christine Malec, consultant. Previously released sonifications of data from from Cassiopeia A can be found at chandra.si.edu/sound.
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, manages the Chandra program. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Chandra X-ray Center controls science operations from Cambridge, Massachusetts, and flight operations from Burlington, Massachusetts.
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, manages the Chandra program. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Chandra X-ray Center controls science operations from Cambridge, Massachusetts, and flight operations from Burlington, Massachusetts.
Source: NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory
Visual Description:
In celebration of the 250th birthday of the United States, this release includes a series of images featuring four wonders of the universe, rendered in red, white, and blue. The images contain X-ray data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory, optical and infrared data from the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope, as well as ground-based telescopes.
The main image set features composite images of the four individual objects; Cassiopeia A, NGC 3603, M94/NGC 4736, and ZwCl 0024+1652.
Cassiopeia A occupies the top panel of the frame, significantly larger than the other images in the set. The cloudy blast-wave of the supernova remnant is ring-like in shape, streaked with veins of iron, calcium, and oxygen. Here, presented in red, white, and blue, the remnant resembles an electrified donut, crackling with marbled veins of strawberry and blueberry icing.
At our lower left of the image set is the nebula NCG 3603, which contains a massive cluster of stars on the other side of the Milky Way galaxy. Here, a tight cluster of neon red and white stars packs the center of the image, dissipating as it reaches the outer edges of the panel. Sweeping in at the lower corners of the image are hazy blue clouds resembling sheets of gauze.
Centered at the bottom of the image set is the galaxy NGC 4736, also known as Messier 94 (M94). Here, the spiral galaxy is seen face on, with concentric pale violet cloud rings flecked with scores of stars in white, pale blue, soft red, and golden yellow. The inner ring of the galaxy is bright, and rosy yellow in color. This is a starburst ring, where new stars are forming.
At our bottom right of the image set is the distant galaxy cluster ZwCl 0024+1652. The image is packed with streaks and specks in golden yellow and brilliant white. Upon close inspection, each streak and speck is revealed to be an individual galaxy, some with discernible spiral shapes. At the center of the image is a round pool of bright red light, surrounded by royal blue haze. The red light represents X-ray observations by Chandra, which reveal an enormous reservoir of superheated gas pervading the cluster. The blue haze represents specially-processed data from Hubble, suggesting evidence of dark matter.
This release also includes new sonifications of the three images presented in the bottom row of this data set, allowing listeners to experience the data through sound.
The main image set features composite images of the four individual objects; Cassiopeia A, NGC 3603, M94/NGC 4736, and ZwCl 0024+1652.
Cassiopeia A occupies the top panel of the frame, significantly larger than the other images in the set. The cloudy blast-wave of the supernova remnant is ring-like in shape, streaked with veins of iron, calcium, and oxygen. Here, presented in red, white, and blue, the remnant resembles an electrified donut, crackling with marbled veins of strawberry and blueberry icing.
At our lower left of the image set is the nebula NCG 3603, which contains a massive cluster of stars on the other side of the Milky Way galaxy. Here, a tight cluster of neon red and white stars packs the center of the image, dissipating as it reaches the outer edges of the panel. Sweeping in at the lower corners of the image are hazy blue clouds resembling sheets of gauze.
Centered at the bottom of the image set is the galaxy NGC 4736, also known as Messier 94 (M94). Here, the spiral galaxy is seen face on, with concentric pale violet cloud rings flecked with scores of stars in white, pale blue, soft red, and golden yellow. The inner ring of the galaxy is bright, and rosy yellow in color. This is a starburst ring, where new stars are forming.
At our bottom right of the image set is the distant galaxy cluster ZwCl 0024+1652. The image is packed with streaks and specks in golden yellow and brilliant white. Upon close inspection, each streak and speck is revealed to be an individual galaxy, some with discernible spiral shapes. At the center of the image is a round pool of bright red light, surrounded by royal blue haze. The red light represents X-ray observations by Chandra, which reveal an enormous reservoir of superheated gas pervading the cluster. The blue haze represents specially-processed data from Hubble, suggesting evidence of dark matter.
This release also includes new sonifications of the three images presented in the bottom row of this data set, allowing listeners to experience the data through sound.
Fast Facts for Cassiopeia A:
Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO; IR: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI; Image Processing: NASA/CXC/SAO/L. Frattare and K. Arcand
Release Date: June 30, 2026
Scale: Image is about 8 arcmin (25.5 light-years) across.
Category: Supernovas & Supernova Remnants
Coordinates (J2000): RA: 23h 23m 26.7s | Dec: +58° 49' 03.00"
Constellation: Cassiopeia
Observation Date(s): Nine observations in 2004: Feb 8, Apr 14, 18, 20, 22, 25 28, May 1, 5
Observation Time: 277 hours and 58 minutes (11 days 13 hours 58 minutes)
Obs. IDs: 4634-4639, 5196, 5319-5320
Instrument: ACIS
Color Code: X-ray: blue and red; Infrared: red and white
Distance Estimate: About 11,000 light-years from Earth
Fast Facts for NGC 3603:
Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO; Optical/IR/UV (Hubble): NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/AURA; Image Processing: NASA/CXC/SAO/L. Frattare and K. Arcand
Release Date: June 30, 2026
Scale: Image is about 3 arcmin (17 light-years) across.
Category: Normal Stars & Star Clusters
Coordinates (J2000): RA: 11h 15m 9.09s | Dec: -61° 16' 17.0"
Constellation: Carina
Observation Date(s): Five observations from May 2000 to October 2011
Observation Time: 138 hours 8 minutes (5 days 18 hours 8 minutes)
Obs. IDs: 633, 12328-12330, 13162
Instrument: ACIS
Color Code: X-ray: red and white ; Infrared: red and yellow; Ultraviolet: green, blue, and white
Distance Estimate: About 20,000 light-years from Earth
Fast Facts for NGC 4736 (M94):
Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO; Optical:Brian Brennan and Remi Lacasse; Image Processing: NASA/CXC/SAO/L. Frattare and K. Arcand
Release Date: June 30, 2026
Scale: Image is about 17 arcmin (94,000 light-years) across.
Category: Normal Galaxies & Starburst Galaxies
Coordinates (J2000): RA: 12h 50m 53.1s | Dec: +41° 07' 13.7"
Constellation: Canes Venatici
Observation Date(s): May 13, 2000
Observation Time: 13 hours 50 minutes
Obs. IDs: 808
Instrument: ACIS
Color Code: X-ray: red, green, and blue; Optical: red, green, and blue
Distance Estimate: About 19 million light-years from Earth
Fast Facts for ZwCl 0024+1652:
Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO; Optical and Dark Matter: NASA/ESA/M.J. Jee; Image Processing: NASA/CXC/SAO/L. Frattare
Release Date: June 30, 2026
Scale: Image is about 3.3 arcmin (9,100 light-years) across.
Category: Groups & Clusters of Galaxies
Coordinates (J2000): RA: 00h 26m 34.5s | Dec: +17° 09′ 44.0"
Constellation: Pisces
Observation Date(s): 3 Observations from Sep, 2000 to Aug, 2016
Observation Time: 29 hours 30 minutes (1 day 5 hours 30 minutes)
Obs. IDs: 929, 7717, 18458
Instrument: ACIS
Color Code: X-ray: red; Optical: red, green, and blue; Dark Matter: blue
Distance Estimate: About 9.5 million light-years from Earth
Scale: Image is about 17 arcmin (94,000 light-years) across.
Category: Normal Galaxies & Starburst Galaxies
Coordinates (J2000): RA: 12h 50m 53.1s | Dec: +41° 07' 13.7"
Constellation: Canes Venatici
Observation Date(s): May 13, 2000
Observation Time: 13 hours 50 minutes
Obs. IDs: 808
Instrument: ACIS
Color Code: X-ray: red, green, and blue; Optical: red, green, and blue
Distance Estimate: About 19 million light-years from Earth
Fast Facts for ZwCl 0024+1652:
Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO; Optical and Dark Matter: NASA/ESA/M.J. Jee; Image Processing: NASA/CXC/SAO/L. Frattare
Release Date: June 30, 2026
Scale: Image is about 3.3 arcmin (9,100 light-years) across.
Category: Groups & Clusters of Galaxies
Coordinates (J2000): RA: 00h 26m 34.5s | Dec: +17° 09′ 44.0"
Constellation: Pisces
Observation Date(s): 3 Observations from Sep, 2000 to Aug, 2016
Observation Time: 29 hours 30 minutes (1 day 5 hours 30 minutes)
Obs. IDs: 929, 7717, 18458
Instrument: ACIS
Color Code: X-ray: red; Optical: red, green, and blue; Dark Matter: blue
Distance Estimate: About 9.5 million light-years from Earth
