In a series of studies, a team of
astronomers has shed new light on the fascinating and complex process of
planet formation. The stunning images, captured using the European
Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (ESO’s VLT) in Chile,
represent one of the largest ever surveys of planet-forming discs. The
research brings together observations of more than 80 young stars that
might have planets forming around them, providing astronomers with a
wealth of data and unique insights into how planets arise in different
regions of our galaxy.
“
This is really a shift in our field of study,”
says Christian Ginski, a lecturer at the University of Galway, Ireland,
and lead author of one of three new papers published today in
Astronomy & Astrophysics. “
We’ve gone from the intense study of individual star systems to this huge overview of entire star-forming regions.”
To date more than 5000 planets have been discovered
orbiting stars other than the Sun, often within systems markedly
different from our own Solar System. To understand where and how this
diversity arises, astronomers must observe the dust- and gas-rich discs
that envelop young stars — the very cradles of planet formation. These
are best found in huge gas clouds where the stars themselves are
forming.
Much like mature planetary systems, the new images showcase the extraordinary diversity of planet-forming discs. “
Some of these discs show huge spiral arms, presumably driven by the intricate ballet of orbiting planets,” says Ginski. “
Others
show rings and large cavities carved out by forming planets, while yet
others seem smooth and almost dormant among all this bustle of activity,”
adds Antonio Garufi, an astronomer at the Arcetri Astrophysical
Observatory, Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), and
lead author of one of the papers.
The team studied a total of 86 stars across three different
star-forming regions of our galaxy: Taurus and Chamaeleon I, both
around 600 light-years from Earth, and Orion, a gas-rich cloud about
1600 light-years from us that is known to be the birthplace of several
stars more massive than the Sun. The observations were gathered by a
large international team, comprising scientists from more than 10
countries.
The team was able to glean several key insights from the
dataset. For example, in Orion they found that stars in groups of two or
more were less likely to have large planet-forming discs. This is a
significant result given that, unlike our Sun, most stars in our galaxy
have companions. As well as this, the uneven appearance of the discs in
this region suggests the possibility of massive planets embedded within
them, which could be causing the discs to warp and become misaligned.
While planet-forming discs can extend for distances
hundreds of times greater than the distance between Earth and the Sun,
their location several hundreds of light-years from us makes them appear
as tiny pinpricks in the night sky. To observe the discs, the team
employed the sophisticated Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet
REsearch instrument (
SPHERE) mounted on ESO’s
VLT. SPHERE’s state-of-the-art extreme
adaptive optics
system corrects for the turbulent effects of Earth’s atmosphere,
yielding crisp images of the discs. This meant the team were able to
image discs around stars with masses as low as half the mass of the Sun,
which are typically too faint for most other instruments available
today. Additional data for the survey were obtained using the VLT’s
X-shooter
instrument, which allowed astronomers to determine how young and how
massive the stars are. The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (
ALMA),
in which ESO is a partner, on the other hand, helped the team
understand more about the amount of dust surrounding some of the stars.
As technology advances, the team hopes to delve even deeper
into the heart of planet-forming systems. The large 39-metre mirror of
ESO’s forthcoming Extremely Large Telescope (
ELT),
for example, will enable the team to study the innermost regions around
young stars, where rocky planets like our own might be forming.
For now, these spectacular images provide researchers with a
treasure trove of data to help unpick the mysteries of planet
formation. “
It is almost poetic that the processes that mark the
start of the journey towards forming planets and ultimately life in our
own Solar System should be so beautiful,” concludes Per-Gunnar
ValegΓ₯rd, a doctoral student at the University of Amsterdam, the
Netherlands, who led the Orion study. ValegΓ₯rd, who is also a part-time
teacher at the International School Hilversum in the Netherlands, hopes
the images will inspire his pupils to become scientists in the future.
More information
This research was presented in three papers to appear in Astronomy & Astrophysics. The data presented were gathered as part of the SPHERE consortium guaranteed time programme, as well as the DESTINYS (Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars) ESO Large Programme.
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“The SPHERE view of the Chamaeleon I star-forming region:
The full census of planet-forming disks with GTO and DESTINYS programs” (https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202244005)
The team is composed of C. Ginski (University of Galway,
Ireland; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, the Netherlands
[Leiden]; Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of
Amsterdam, the Netherlands [API]), R. Tazaki (API), M. Benisty (Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, France [Grenoble]), A. Garufi (INAF,
Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Italy), C. Dominik (API), Γ. Ribas
(European Southern Observatory, Chile [ESO Chile]), N. Engler (ETH
Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Switzerland),
J. Hagelberg (Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Switzerland), R.
G. van Holstein (ESO Chile), T. Muto (Division of Liberal Arts,
Kogakuin University, Japan), P. Pinilla (Max-Planck-Institut fΓΌr
Astronomie, Germany [MPIA]; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University
College London, UK), K. Kanagawa (Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan), S. Kim (Department of
Astronomy, Tsinghua University, China), N. Kurtovic (MPIA), M. Langlois
(Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, CNRS, UCBL, France), J.
Milli (Grenoble), M. Momose (College of Science, Ibaraki University,
Japan [Ibaraki]), R. Orihara (Ibaraki), N. Pawellek (Department of
Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Austria), T. O. B. Schmidt
(Hamburger Sternwarte, Germany), F. Snik (Leiden), and Z. Wahhaj (ESO
Chile).
-
“The SPHERE view of the Taurus star-forming region: The full census of planet-forming disks with GTO and DESTINYS programs” (https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347586)
The team is composed of A. Garufi (INAF, Osservatorio
Astrofisico di Arcetri, Italy [INAF Arcetri]), C. Ginski (University of
Galway, Ireland), R. G. van Holstein (European Southern Observatory,
Chile [ESO Chile]), M. Benisty (Laboratoire Lagrange, UniversitΓ© CΓ΄te
d’Azur, Observatoire de la CΓ΄te d’Azur, CNRS, France; Univ. Grenoble
Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, France [Grenoble]), C. F. Manara (European Southern
Observatory, Germany), S. PΓ©rez (Millennium Nucleus on Young Exoplanets
and their Moons [YEMS]; Departamento de FΓsica, Universidad de Santiago
de Chile, Chile [Santiago]), P. Pinilla (Mullard Space Science
Laboratory, University College London, UK), A. Ribas (Institute of
Astronomy, University of Cambridge, UK), P. Weber (YEMS, Santiago), J.
Williams (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i, USA), L. Cieza
(Instituto de Estudios AstrofΓsicos, Facultad de IngenierΓa y Ciencias,
Universidad Diego Portales, Chile [Diego Portales]; YEMS), C. Dominik
(Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, the
Netherlands [API]), S. Facchini (Dipartimento di Fisica, UniversitΓ
degli Studi di Milano, Italy), J. Huang (Department of Astronomy,
Columbia University, USA), A. Zurlo (Diego Portales; YEMS), J. Bae
(Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, USA), J. Hagelberg
(Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève, Switzerland), Th. Henning
(Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Germany [MPIA]), M. R. Hogerheijde
(Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, the Netherlands; API), M.
Janson (Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Sweden), F.
MΓ©nard (Grenoble), S. Messina (INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di
Catania, Italy), M. R. Meyer (Department of Astronomy, The University of
Michigan, USA), C. Pinte (School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash
University, Australia; Grenoble), S. Quanz (ETH ZΓΌrich, Department of
Physics, Switzerland [ZΓΌrich]), E. Rigliaco (Osservatorio Astronomico di
Padova, Italy [Padova]), V. Roccatagliata (INAF Arcetri), H. M. Schmid
(ZΓΌrich), J. SzulΓ‘gyi (ZΓΌrich), R. van Boekel (MPIA), Z. Wahhaj (ESO
Chile), J. Antichi (INAF Arcetri), A. Baruffolo (Padova), and T. Moulin
(Grenoble).
-
“Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): The SPHERE view of the Orion star-forming region” (https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347452)
The team is composed of P.-G. ValegΓ₯rd (Anton Pannekoek
Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
[API]), C. Ginski (University of Galway, Ireland), A. Derkink (API), A.
Garufi (INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Italy), C. Dominik
(API), Γ. Ribas (Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, UK),
J. P. Williams (Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i, USA), M.
Benisty (University of Grenoble Alps, CNRS, IPAG, France), T. Birnstiel
(University Observatory, Faculty of Physics,
Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitΓ€t MΓΌnchen, Germany [LMU]; Exzellenzcluster
ORIGINS, Germany), S. Facchini (Dipartimento di Fisica, UniversitΓ degli
Studi di Milano, Italy), G. Columba (Department of Physics and
Astronomy "Galileo Galilei" - University of Padova, Italy; INAF –
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Italy), M. Hogerheijde (API; Leiden
Observatory, Leiden University, the Netherlands [Leiden]), R. G. van
Holstein (European Southern Observatory, Chile), J. Huang (Department of
Astronomy, Columbia University, USA), M. Kenworthy (Leiden), C. F.
Manara (European Southern Observatory, Germany), P. Pinilla (Mullard
Space Science Laboratory, University College London, UK), Ch. Rab (LMU;
Max-Planck-Institut fΓΌr extraterrestrische Physik, Germany), R. Sulaiman
(Department of Physics, American University of Beirut, Lebanon), A.
Zurlo (Instituto de Estudios AstrofΓsicos, Facultad de IngenierΓa y
Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile; Escuela de IngenierΓa
Industrial, Facultad de IngenierΓa y Ciencias, Universidad Diego
Portales, Chile; Millennium Nucleus on Young Exoplanets and their
Moons).
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Links
Contacts
Christian Ginski
University of Galway
Galway, Ireland
Email: christian.ginski@universityofgalway.ie
Antonio Garufi
INAF’s Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
Florence, Italy
Email: antonio.garufi@inaf.it
Per-Gunnar ValegΓ₯rd
University of Amsterdam
Email: p.g.valegard@uva.nl
BΓ‘rbara Ferreira
ESO Media Manager
Garching bei MΓΌnchen, Germany
Tel: +49 89 3200 6670
Cell: +49 151 241 664 00
Email: press@eso.org