Artist's impression of the hot molecular core discovered in the Large Magellanic Cloud
ALMA results and the region seen in infrared light
The first of its kind to be found outside the Milky Way
A hot and dense mass of complex
molecules, cocooning a newborn star, has been discovered by a Japanese
team of astronomers using ALMA. This unique hot molecular core is the
first of its kind to have been detected outside the Milky Way galaxy. It
has a very different molecular composition from similar objects in our
own galaxy — a tantalising hint that the chemistry taking place across
the Universe could be much more diverse than expected.
A team of Japanese researchers have used the power of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to observe a massive star known as ST11 [1] in our neighbouring dwarf galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud
(LMC). Emission from a number of molecular gases was detected. These
indicated that the team had discovered a concentrated region of
comparatively hot and dense molecular gas around the newly ignited star
ST11. This was evidence that they had found something never before seen
outside of the Milky Way — a hot molecular core [2].
Takashi Shimonishi, an astronomer at Tohoku University, Japan, and the paper's lead author enthused: "This
is the first detection of an extragalactic hot molecular core, and it
demonstrates the great capability of new generation telescopes to study
astrochemical phenomena beyond the Milky Way."
The ALMA observations revealed that this newly discovered core in the
LMC has a very different composition to similar objects found in the
Milky Way. The most prominent chemical signatures in the LMC core
include familiar molecules such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, and formaldehyde — alongside the ubiquitous dust. But several organic compounds, including methanol
(the simplest alcohol molecule), had remarkably low abundance in the
newly detected hot molecular core. In contrast, cores in the Milky Way
have been observed to contain a wide assortment of complex organic
molecules, including methanol and ethanol.
Takashi Shimonishi explains: “The observations suggest that the
molecular compositions of materials that form stars and planets are much
more diverse than we expected.”
The LMC has a low abundance of elements other than hydrogen or helium [3].
The research team suggests that this very different galactic
environment has affected the molecule-forming processes taking place
surrounding the newborn star ST11. This could account for the observed
differences in chemical compositions.
It is not yet clear if the large, complex molecules detected in the
Milky Way exist in hot molecular cores in other galaxies. Complex
organic molecules are of very special interest because some are
connected to prebiotic molecules formed in space. This newly discovered
object in one of our nearest galactic neighbours is an excellent target
to help astronomers address this issue. It also raises another question:
how could the chemical diversity of galaxies affect the development of
extragalactic life?
Notes
[1] ST11’s full name is 2MASS J05264658-6848469. This catchily-named young massive star is defined as a Young Stellar Object.
Although it currently appears to be a single star, it is possible that
it will prove to be a tight cluster of stars, or possibly a multiple
star system. It was the target of the science team’s observations and
their results led them to realise that ST11 is enveloped by a hot
molecular core
.
[2] Hot molecular cores must be:
(relatively) small, with a diameter of less than 0.3 light-years; have a
density over a thousand billion (1012) molecules per cubic
metre (far lower than the Earth's atmosphere, but high for an
interstellar environment); warm in temperature, at over –173 degrees
Celsius. This makes them at least 80 degrees Celsius warmer than a
standard molecular cloud,
despite being of similar density. These hot cores form early on in the
evolution of massive stars and they play a key role in the formation of
complex chemicals in space.
[3] The nuclear fusion reactions that
take place when a star has stopped fusing hydrogen to helium generate
heavier elements. These heavier elements get blasted into space when
massive dying stars explode as supernovae.
Therefore, as our Universe has aged, the abundance of heavier elements
has increased. Thanks to its low abundance of heavier elements, the LMC
provides insight into the chemical processes that were taking place in
the earlier Universe.
More Information
This research was presented in a paper published in the Astrophysical Journal on August 9, 2016, entitled The Detection of a Hot Molecular Core in the Large Magellanic Cloud with ALMA.
The team is composed of Takashi Shimonishi (Frontier Research
Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences & Astronomical Institute,
Tohoku University, Japan), Takashi Onaka (Department of Astronomy, The
University of Tokyo, Japan), Akiko Kawamura (National Astronomical
Observatory of Japan, Japan) and Yuri Aikawa (Center for Computational
Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Japan)
The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), an
international astronomy facility, is a partnership of the European
Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO),
the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institutes
of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan in cooperation with the Republic of
Chile. ALMA is funded by ESO on behalf of its Member States, by NSF in
cooperation with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the
National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC) and by NINS in cooperation with
the Academia Sinica (AS) in Taiwan and the Korea Astronomy and Space
Science Institute (KASI).
ALMA construction and operations are led by ESO on behalf of its
Member States; by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO),
managed by Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI), on behalf of North
America; and by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) on
behalf of East Asia. The Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO) provides the
unified leadership and management of the construction, commissioning and
operation of ALMA.
ESO is the foremost intergovernmental astronomy organisation in
Europe and the world’s most productive ground-based astronomical
observatory by far. It is supported by 16 countries: Austria, Belgium,
Brazil, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Italy,
the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the
United Kingdom, along with the host state of Chile. ESO carries out an
ambitious programme focused on the design, construction and operation of
powerful ground-based observing facilities enabling astronomers to make
important scientific discoveries. ESO also plays a leading role in
promoting and organising cooperation in astronomical research. ESO
operates three unique world-class observing sites in Chile: La Silla,
Paranal and Chajnantor. At Paranal, ESO operates the Very Large
Telescope, the world’s most advanced visible-light astronomical
observatory and two survey telescopes. VISTA works in the infrared and
is the world’s largest survey telescope and the VLT Survey Telescope is
the largest telescope designed to exclusively survey the skies in
visible light. ESO is a major partner in ALMA, the largest astronomical
project in existence. And on Cerro Armazones, close to Paranal, ESO is
building the 39-metre European Extremely Large Telescope, the E-ELT,
which will become “the world’s biggest eye on the sky”.
Links
Contact:
Takashi Shimonishi
Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences
Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
Email: shimonishi@astr.tohoku.ac.jp
Masaaki Hiramatsu
NAOJ Chile Observatory EPO officer
Tel: +81 422 34 3630
Email: hiramatsu.masaaki@nao.ac.jp
Richard Hook
ESO Public Information Officer
Garching bei München, Germany
Tel: +49 89 3200 6655
Cell: +49 151 1537 3591
Email: rhook@eso.org
Source: ESO
