Galaxies of Stephan’s Quintet in the constellation Pegasus, observed by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team.
Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team.
The position of Hubble sequence galaxy types in the mass – angular momentum two dimensional classification system.
Credit: L. Cortese (ICRAR/UWA) and Sloan Digital Sky Survey.
Amanda Bauer configuring the SAMI instrument for a night of observing with the AAT.
Credit: Amanda Bauer/AAO
The 3.9 metre Anglo-Australian Telescope located at Siding Spring Observatory in NSW.
Credit: Angel Lopez-Sanchez/AAO
In research published today, Australian scientists have taken a critical step towards understanding why different types of galaxies exist throughout the Universe.
The research, made possible by cutting-edge instrumentation, means that astronomers can now classify galaxies according to their physical properties rather than human interpretation of a galaxy’s appearance.
For the past 100 years, telescopes have been capable of observing galaxies beyond our own galaxy, the Milky Way.
Only a few were visible to begin with but as telescopes became more powerful, more galaxies were discovered, making it crucial for astronomers to come up with a way to consistently group different types of galaxies together.
In 1926, the famous American astronomer Edwin Hubble refined a system that classified galaxies into categories of spiral, elliptical, lenticular or irregular shape. This system, known as the Hubble sequence, is the most common way of classifying galaxies to this day.
Despite its success, the criteria on which the Hubble scheme is based are subjective, and only indirectly related to the physical properties of galaxies. This has significantly hampered attempts to identify the evolutionary pathways followed by different types of galaxies as they slowly change over billions of years.
Dr Luca Cortese, from The University of Western Australia node of the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), said the world’s premier astronomical facilities are now producing surveys consisting of hundreds of thousands of galaxies rather than the dozens that Hubble and his contemporaries were working with.
“We really need a way to classify galaxies consistently using instruments that measure physical properties rather than a time consuming and subjective technique involving human interpretation,” he said.
In a study led by Dr Cortese, a team of astronomers has used a technique known as Integral Field Spectroscopy to quantify how gas and stars move within galaxies and reinterpret the Hubble sequence as a physically based two-dimensional classification system.
“Thanks to the development of new technologies, we can map in great detail the distribution and velocity of different components of galaxies. Then, using this information we’re able to determine the overall angular momentum of a galaxy, which is the key physical quantity affecting how the galaxy will evolve over billions of years.
“Remarkably, the galaxy types described by the Hubble scheme appear to be determined by two primary properties of galaxies–mass and angular momentum. This provides us with a physical interpretation for the well known Hubble sequence whilst removing the subjectiveness and bias of a visual classification based on human perception rather than actual measurement.”
The new study involved 488 galaxies observed by the 3.9m Anglo Australian Telescope in New South Wales and an instrument attached to the telescope called the Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral-field spectrograph or ‘SAMI’.
The SAMI project, led by the University of Sydney and the ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), aims to create one of the first large-scale resolved survey of galaxies, measuring the velocity and distribution of gas and stars of different ages in thousands of systems.
“Australia has a lot of expertise with this type of astronomy and is really at the forefront of what’s being done,” said Professor Warrick Couch, Director of the Australian Astronomical Observatory and CAASTRO Partner Investigator.
“For the SAMI instrument we succeeded in putting 61 optical fibres within a distance that’s less than half the width of a human hair.
“That’s no small feat, it’s making this type of work possible and attracting interest from astronomers and observatories from around the world.”
Future upgrades of the instrument are planned that will allow astronomers to obtain even sharper maps of galaxies and further their understanding of the physical processes shaping the Hubble sequence.
“As we get better at doing this and the instruments we’re using are upgraded, we should be able to look for the physical triggers that cause one type of galaxy to evolve into another—that’s really exciting stuff,” Dr Cortese said.
Publication Details
‘The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the link between angular momentum and optical morphology’, published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society on September 14, 2016. Available from https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.00291
More Information
The International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) is a joint venture between Curtin University and The University of Western Australia with support and funding from the State Government of Western Australia. ICRAR’s Data Intensive Astronomy team is leading the international effort to address the challenges surrounding the flow of data within the SKA observatory.
Contact Information
Dr Luca Cortese (University of Western Australia, ICRAR)
E: Luca.Cortese@icrar.org
M: +61 481 358 114
Professor Warrick Couch (Australian Astronomical Observatory, CAASTRO)
E: Warrick.Couch@aao.gov.au
M: +61 2 9372 4811
Pete Wheeler, Media Contact, ICRAR
E: pete.wheeler@icrar.org
M: +61 423 982 018
