Artists’ representation showing outflow from a supermassive black hole inside the middle of a galaxy. Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss. http://astro.dur.ac.uk/~dma/galaxy_growth_blast.jpg
Observation showing gas in the galaxy SMM J1237+6203 seen using the Gemini Observatory’s Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrometer (NIFS). The contours show how the blast of energy is travelling through the galaxy. Credit: Dave Alexander/Mark Swinbank (Durham University) & Gemini Observatory. http://astro.dur.ac.uk/~dma/galaxy_growth.jpg
Scientists have found evidence of a catastrophic event they believe was responsible for halting the birth of stars in a galaxy in the early Universe. They report their results in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
The researchers, led by Durham University’s Department of Physics and funded by the Royal Society and Royal Astronomical Society say the massive galaxy, SMM J1237+6203, underwent a series of blasts trillions of times more powerful than any caused by an atomic bomb. The blasts happened every second for millions of years, according to the scientists.
The explosions scattered the gas needed to form new stars by helping it escape the gravitational pull of the galaxy, effectively regulating its development. The Durham-led team believes the huge surge of energy was caused by either the outflow of debris from the galaxy’s black hole or from powerful winds generated by dying stars exploding as supernovae.
SMM J1237+6203 lies in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major and is so far away that we see it as it appeared 10 billion years ago, or three billion years after the Big Bang, when the Universe was only one quarter of its present age.
Properties seen in massive galaxies nearer to our own galaxy, the Milky Way, suggest that a major event rapidly turned off star formation in galaxies early in the history of the Universe and stopped them from expanding. Theorists, including scientists at Durham University, have argued that this could be due to outflows of energy blowing galaxies apart and preventing further new stars from forming, but until now evidence for this has been lacking.
Using the Gemini Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrometer (NIFS) to measure the speed of material in the galaxy, they found huge outflows powerful enough to help star-forming debris escape the galaxy’s gravitational pull. They believe the colossal energies generated by these outflows of energy were enough to suppress any further star formation in the galaxy.
Dr Dave Alexander, of Durham University’s Department of Physics, said: “We are looking into the past and seeing a catastrophic event that essentially switched off star formation and halted the growth of a typical massive galaxy in the early Universe.
‘Effectively the galaxy is regulating its growth by preventing new stars from being born. Theorists had predicted that huge outflows of energy were behind this activity, but it’s only now that we have seen it in action.
‘We believe that similar huge outflows are likely to have stopped the growth of other galaxies in the early Universe by blowing away the materials needed for star formation.”
The Durham-led team now plans to study other massive forming galaxies in the early Universe to see if they display similar characteristics.
Durham University is part of a team building the K-Band Multi-Object Spectrometer (KMOS) for the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO) Very Large Telescope. KMOS will be used to investigate the physical and environmental processes that shape the formation and evolution of galaxies.
Dr Dave Alexander
Department of Physics
Durham University
Tel: +44 (0)191 334 3594
E-mail: d.m.alexander@durham.ac.uk
[Dr Alexander is available for interview from 0900 to 1700 GMT on Tuesday the 9th and Wednesday the 10th of March]
Leighton Kitson
Media Relations Officer
Durham University
Tel: +44 (0)191 334 6074
E-mail: leighton.kitson@durham.ac.uk
Dr Robert Massey
Press and Policy Officer
Royal Astronomical Society
Tel: +44 (0)20 7734 3307
Mob: +44 (0)794 124 8035
E-mail: rm@ras.org.uk
FURTHER INFORMATION
“Searching for evidence of energetic feedback in distant galaxies: a galaxy wide outflow in a z ≈ 2 ultraluminous infrared galaxy”, by David M. Alexander, A. Mark Swinbank (Durham University, UK), Ian Smail (Durham University, UK), Richard McDermid (Gemini Observatory), and Nicole P. H. Nesvadba (Université Paris). Published online in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16046.x (A preprint is available at http://arxiv.org/abs/0911.0014)
Durham University Department of Physics: www.dur.ac.uk/physics/
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117974593/home?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
Royal Astronomical Society: www.ras.org.uk
Royal Society: www.royalsociety.org/
Gemini: www.gemini.edu/
KMOS: www.eso.org/sci/facilities/develop/instruments/kmos/
NOTES FOR EDITORS
Durham University is a member of the 1994 Group of 19 leading research-intensive universities. The Group was established in 1994 to promote excellence in university research and teaching. Each member undertakes diverse and high-quality research, while ensuring excellent levels of teaching and student experience. www.1994group.ac.uk
The Royal Astronomical Society
The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS), founded in 1820, encourages and promotes the study of astronomy, solar-system science, geophysics and closely related branches of science. The RAS organizes scientific meetings, publishes international research and review journals, recognizes outstanding achievements by the award of medals and prizes, maintains an extensive library, supports education through grants and outreach activities and represents UK astronomy nationally and internationally. Its more than 3000 members (Fellows), a third based overseas, include scientific researchers in universities, observatories and laboratories as well as historians of astronomy and others.
