A
new shape model of the Homunculus Nebula reveals protrusions, trenches,
holes and irregularities in its molecular hydrogen emission. The
protrusions appear near a dust skirt seen at the nebula's centre in
visible light (inset) but not found in this study, so they constitute
different structures. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, inset: NASA, ESA, Hubble SM4 ERO Team. Hi-res Image
Astronomers have created a detailed 3D model of the expanding cloud of
debris produced in the outburst of a doomed star. The model can be
reproduced at home by anyone with a 3D printer. The team report their
findings in a paper published today in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
In the middle of the 19th century, the massive binary system eta
Carinae (η Car) underwent an eruption that ejected more than 10 solar
masses of debris and briefly made it the second-brightest star in the
sky. The researchers used extensive new observations to create a
detailed 3D model of the expanding debris cloud.
"Our model indicates that this vast shell of gas and dust has a more
complex origin than is generally assumed," said Thomas Madura, of NASA's
Goddard Space Flight Center
and a member of the team. "For the first time, we see evidence
suggesting that intense interactions between the stars in the central
binary played a significant role in sculpting the nebula we see today."
Eta Carinae lies about 7,500 light-years away in the southern
constellation of Carina and is one of the most massive binary systems
astronomers can study in detail. The smaller star is about 30 times the
mass of the sun and may be as much as a million times more luminous. The
primary star contains about 90 solar masses and emits 5 million times
the sun's energy output. Both stars are fated to end their lives in
spectacular supernova explosions.
Animation of the 3D Homunculus Nebula model
Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image La
Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image La
Between 1838 and 1845, eta Carinae underwent a period of unusual variability during which it briefly outshone Canopus, normally the second-brightest star. As a part of this event, which astronomers call the Great Eruption, a gaseous shell containing at least 10 and perhaps as much as 40 times the sun's mass was shot into space. This material forms a twin-lobed dust-filled cloud known as the Homunculus Nebula, which is now about a light-year long and continues to expand at more than 1.3 million mph (2.1 million km/h).
Using the European Southern Observatory's
Very Large Telescope and its X-Shooter spectrograph over two nights in
March 2012, the team observed the nebula in near-infrared, visible and
ultraviolet wavelengths in 92 separate areas, making the most complete
map to date. The researchers have used the spatial and velocity
information provided by this data to create the first high-resolution 3D
model of the Homunculus Nebula.
The shape model was developed using only a single emission line of
near-infrared light emitted by molecular hydrogen gas. The
characteristic light at 2.12 microns shifts in wavelength slightly
depending on the speed and direction of the expanding gas, allowing the
team to probe even dust-obscured portions of the Homunculus Nebula that
face away from Earth.
"Our next step was to process all of this using 3D modelling software
I developed in collaboration with Nico Koning from the University of
Calgary in Canada. The program is simply called 'Shape,'
and it analyses and models the three-dimensional motions and structure
of nebulae in a way that can be compared directly with observations,"
said Wolfgang Steffen, of the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the lead author of the paper.
NASA
astrophysicists Ted Gull and Tom Madura discuss eta Carinae and their
new model of the Homunculus Nebula, a shell of gas and dust ejected
during the star's mid-19th century eruption. Credit: NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center. Video Youtube
The new shape model confirms several features identified by previous
studies, including pronounced holes located at the ends of each lobe and
the absence of any extended molecular hydrogen emission from a dust
skirt apparent in visible light near the centre of the nebula. New
features include curious arm-like protrusions emanating from each lobe
near the dust skirt; vast, deep trenches curving along each lobe; and
irregular divots on the side facing away from Earth.
"One of the questions we set out to answer with this study is whether
the Homunculus contains any imprint of the star's binary nature, since
previous efforts to explain its shape have assumed that both lobes were
more or less identical and symmetric around their long axis," explained
team member Jose Groh, of the University of Geneva. "The new features strongly suggest that interactions between eta Carinae's stars helped mould the Homunculus."
Every 5.5 years, when their orbits carry them to their closest
approach, the immense and brilliant stars of eta Carinae are only as far
apart as the distance between Mars and the Sun. Both stars possess
powerful gaseous outflows called stellar winds, which interact most
dramatically during closest approach. The faster wind from the smaller
star then carves a tunnel through the denser wind of its companion. The
opening angle of the cavity created closely matches the extent of the
trenches (130 degrees) and the angle between the arm-like protrusions
(110 degrees). This indicates that the shape of the nebula likely
continues to carry an impression from a binary close approach around the
time of the Great Eruption.
Once the researchers had developed their Homunculus model, they took things one step further. They converted it to a format that can be used by 3D printers and made the file available along with the published paper.
"Now anyone with access to a 3D printer can produce their own version
of this incredible object," said Theodore Gull, who is also at Goddard
and a co-author of the paper. "While 3D-printed models will make a
terrific visualization tool for anyone interested in astronomy, I see
them as particularly valuable for the blind, who now will be able to
compare embossed astronomical images with a scientifically accurate
representation of the real thing."
Francis Reddy
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
francis.j.reddy@nasa.gov
+1 301 286 4453
Dr Keith Smith
Royal Astronomical Society
+44 (0)20 7734 4582
kts@ras.org.uk
Science contact
Prof. Wolfgang Steffen
National Autonomous University of Mexico
Please contact Francis Reddy (details above) in the first instance.
Images and captions
The 3D printing model is available, along with a custom stand.
Credit: Steffen, W., Teodoro, M., Madura, T., et al. (2014)
More media and captions are available from http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/goto?11568
Further information
This research has been published in Steffen W. el al., 2014, "The three-dimensional structure of the Eta Carinae Homunculus", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 442, p. 3316-3328, published by Oxford University Press.
Notes for editors
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