A high-resolution simulation of a planet colliding with Jupiter, used to study whether this process could be responsible for forming the planet's dilute core. The impact generates striking shock waves and stirs material in Jupiter's interior through turbulent mixing. However, the core material rapidly re-settles, and no dilute core is produced in the simulations.
Credit: Jacob Kegerries/Thomas Sandnes
The mystery at Jupiter's heart has taken a fresh twist – as new research suggests a giant impact may not have been responsible for the formation of its core.
It had been thought that a colossal collision with an early planet containing half of Jupiter's core material could have mixed up the central region of the gas giant, enough to explain its interior today.
But a new study published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society suggests its make-up is actually down to how the growing planet absorbed heavy and light materials as it formed and evolved.
Unlike what scientists once expected, the core of the largest planet in our solar system doesn't have a sharp boundary but instead gradually blends into the surrounding layers of mostly hydrogen – a structure known as a dilute core.
How this dilute core formed has been a key question among scientists and astronomers ever since NASA's Juno spacecraft first revealed its existence.
It had been thought that a colossal collision with an early planet containing half of Jupiter's core material could have mixed up the central region of the gas giant, enough to explain its interior today.
But a new study published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society suggests its make-up is actually down to how the growing planet absorbed heavy and light materials as it formed and evolved.
Unlike what scientists once expected, the core of the largest planet in our solar system doesn't have a sharp boundary but instead gradually blends into the surrounding layers of mostly hydrogen – a structure known as a dilute core.
How this dilute core formed has been a key question among scientists and astronomers ever since NASA's Juno spacecraft first revealed its existence.
Tn impacting planet collides with Jupiter's core in the simulations, triggering shock waves and turbulent mixing. Credit: Thomas Sandnes/Durham University
Licence type: Attribution (CC BY 4.0)Using cutting-edge supercomputer simulations of planetary impacts, with a new method to improve the simulation's treatment of mixing between materials, researchers from Durham University, in collaboration with scientists from NASA, SETI, and CENSSS, University of Oslo, tested whether a massive collision could have created Jupiter's dilute core.
The simulations were run on the DiRAC COSMA supercomputer hosted at Durham University using the state-of-the-art SWIFT open-source software.
The study found that a stable dilute core structure was not produced in any of the simulations conducted, even in those involving impacts under extreme conditions.
Instead, the simulations demonstrate that the dense rock and ice core material displaced by an impact would quickly re-settle, leaving a distinct boundary with the outer layers of hydrogen and helium, rather than forming a smooth transition zone between the two regions.
Reflecting on the findings, lead author of the study Dr Thomas Sandnes, of Durham University, said: "It's fascinating to explore how a giant planet like Jupiter would respond to one of the most violent events a growing planet can experience.
"We see in our simulations that this kind of impact literally shakes the planet to its core – just not in the right way to explain the interior of Jupiter that we see today
The simulations were run on the DiRAC COSMA supercomputer hosted at Durham University using the state-of-the-art SWIFT open-source software.
The study found that a stable dilute core structure was not produced in any of the simulations conducted, even in those involving impacts under extreme conditions.
Instead, the simulations demonstrate that the dense rock and ice core material displaced by an impact would quickly re-settle, leaving a distinct boundary with the outer layers of hydrogen and helium, rather than forming a smooth transition zone between the two regions.
Reflecting on the findings, lead author of the study Dr Thomas Sandnes, of Durham University, said: "It's fascinating to explore how a giant planet like Jupiter would respond to one of the most violent events a growing planet can experience.
"We see in our simulations that this kind of impact literally shakes the planet to its core – just not in the right way to explain the interior of Jupiter that we see today
This image from the simulations shows how the collision of the impactor with Jupiter's core produces striking patterns of fluid instabilities as materials mix. Credit: Jacob Kegerreis/Thomas Sandnes/Durham University
Licence type: Attribution (CC BY 4.0)
The core material rapidly re-settles in the simulations to form a core with a sharp boundary. Credit: Jacob Kegerreis/Thomas Sandnes/Durham University
Licence type: Attribution (CC BY 4.0)Jupiter isn't the only planet with a dilute core, as scientists have recently found evidence that Saturn has one too.
Dr Luis Teodoro, of the University of Oslo, said: "The fact that Saturn also has a dilute core strengthens the idea that these structures are not the result of rare, extremely high-energy impacts but instead form gradually during the long process of planetary growth and evolution."
The findings of this study could also help inform scientists' understanding and interpretation of the many Jupiter- and Saturn-sized exoplanets that have been observed around distant stars. If dilute cores aren't made by rare and extreme impacts, then perhaps most or all of these planets have comparably complex interiors.
The findings of this study could also help inform scientists' understanding and interpretation of the many Jupiter- and Saturn-sized exoplanets that have been observed around distant stars. If dilute cores aren't made by rare and extreme impacts, then perhaps most or all of these planets have comparably complex interiors.
Co-author of the study Dr Jacob Kegerreis said: "Giant impacts are a key part of many planets' histories, but they can't explain everything!
"This project also accelerated another step in our development of new ways to simulate these cataclysmic events in ever greater detail, helping us to continue narrowing down how the amazing diversity of worlds we see in the Solar System and beyond came to be."
Media contacts:
Sam Tonkin
Royal Astronomical Society
Mob: +44 (0)7802 877 700
press@ras.ac.uk
Science contacts:
Dr Thomas Sandnes
Durham University
thomas.d.sandnes@durham.ac.uk
Further information
The paper ‘No dilute core produced in simulations of giant impacts on to Jupiter’ by T. D. Sandnes, V. R. Eke, J. A. Kegerreis, R. J. Massey and L. F. A. Teodoro, has been published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staf1105.
Notes for editors
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The RAS organises scientific meetings, publishes international research and review journals, recognises outstanding achievements by the award of medals and prizes, maintains an extensive library, supports education through grants and outreach activities and represents UK astronomy nationally and internationally. Its more than 4,000 members (Fellows), a third based overseas, include scientific researchers in universities, observatories and laboratories as well as historians of astronomy and others.
The RAS accepts papers for its journals based on the principle of peer review, in which fellow experts on the editorial boards accept the paper as worth considering. The Society issues press releases based on a similar principle, but the organisations and scientists concerned have overall responsibility for their content.
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About Durham University
Durham University is a globally outstanding centre of teaching and research based in historic Durham City in the UK.
We are a collegiate university committed to inspiring our people to do outstanding things at Durham and in the world.
We conduct research that improves lives globally and we are ranked as a world top 100 university with an international reputation in research and education (QS World University overwritten to this Rankings 2025).
We are a member of the Russell Group of leading research-intensive UK universities and we are consistently ranked as a top 10 university in national league tables (Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, Guardian University Guide and The Complete University Guide).
We are a member of the Russell Group of leading research-intensive UK universities and we are consistently ranked as a top 10 university in national league tables (Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, Guardian University Guide and The Complete University Guide).
For more information about Durham University visit: www.durham.ac.uk/about/
Submitted by Sam Tonkin
