NASA's Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array, or NuSTAR, has captured
the best high-energy X-ray view yet of a portion of our nearest large,
neighboring galaxy, Andromeda. The space mission has observed 40 "X-ray
binaries" -- intense sources of X-rays comprised of a black hole or
neutron star that feeds off a stellar companion.
The results will ultimately help researchers better understand the
role of X-ray binaries in the evolution of our universe. According to
astronomers, these energetic objects may play a critical role in heating
the intergalactic bath of gas in which the very first galaxies formed.
"Andromeda is the only large spiral galaxy where we can see
individual X-ray binaries and study them in detail in an environment
like our own," said Daniel Wik of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in
Greenbelt, Maryland, who presented the results at the 227th meeting of
American Astronomical Society in Kissimmee, Florida.¬¬¬¬ "We can then
use this information to deduce what's going on in more distant galaxies,
which are harder to see."
Andromeda, also known as M31, can be thought of as the big sister to
our own Milky Way galaxy. Both galaxies are spiral in shape, but
Andromeda is slightly larger than the Milky Way in size. Lying 2.5
million light-years away, Andromeda is relatively nearby in cosmic
terms. It can even be seen by the naked eye in dark, clear skies.
Other space missions, such as NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, have
obtained crisper images of Andromeda at lower X-ray energies than the
high-energy X-rays detected by NuSTAR. The combination of Chandra and
NuSTAR provides astronomers with a powerful tool for narrowing in on the
nature of the X-ray binaries in spiral galaxies.
In X-ray binaries, one member is always a dead star or remnant formed
from the explosion of what was once a star much more massive than the
sun. Depending on the mass and other properties of the original giant
star, the explosion may produce either a black hole or neutron star.
Under the right circumstances, material from the companion star can
"spill over" its outermost edges and then be caught by the gravity of
the black hole or neutron star. As the material falls in, it is heated
to blazingly high temperatures, releasing a huge amount of X-rays.
With NuSTAR's new view of a swath of Andromeda, Wik and colleagues
are working on identifying the fraction of X-ray binaries harboring
black holes versus neutron stars. That research will help them
understand the population as a whole.
"We have come to realize in the past few years that it is likely the
lower-mass remnants of normal stellar evolution, the black holes and
neutron stars, may play a crucial role in heating of the intergalactic
gas at very early times in the universe, around the cosmic dawn," said
Ann Hornschemeier of NASA Goddard, the principal investigator of the
NuSTAR Andromeda studies.
"Observations of local populations of stellar-mass-sized black holes
and neutron stars with NuSTAR allow us to figure out just how much power
is coming out from these systems."
The new research also reveals how Andromeda may differ from our Milky
Way. Fiona Harrison, the principal investigator of the NuSTAR mission,
added, "Studying the extreme stellar populations in Andromeda tells us
about how its history of forming stars may be different than in our
neighborhood."
Harrison will be presenting the 2015 Rossi Prize lecture at the AAS
meeting. The prize, awarded by the AAS's High-Energy Astrophysics
Division, honors physicist Bruno Rossi, an authority on cosmic-ray
physics and a pioneer in the field of X-ray astronomy.
For more information about NuSTAR, visit: http://www.nustar.caltech.edu/
Media Contact
Whitney Clavin
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
818-354-4673
whitney.clavin@jpl.nasa.gov
Source: JPL-Caltech
