A large international team of astronomers led by Jun Hashimoto (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan) and Ruobing Dong (Princeton University) has used the High Contrast Instrument for the Subaru Next Generation Adaptive Optics (HiCIAO) to observe and examine PDS 70 (Note 1), a young star about 10 million years old with a mass similar to that of the Sun. Images captured from the observations clearly show a giant gap inside the protoplanetary disk, the largest ever found among lower mass stars similar to the Sun. A protoplanetary disk is where planets form, and the gravitational force of newborn planets may account for the huge gap between the inner edge of the disk and the central star. No single planet, regardless of how heavy or efficient it is in its formation, is sufficient to create such a giant gap. The researchers think that the gap in PDS 70's protoplanetary disk may have resulted from the birth of multiple planets. The high contrast images from the observations allowed the researchers to study the details of the disk, which then enabled them to directly reveal the site of formation of one and possibly more planets. The research team is now attempting to detect those planets.
Protoplanetary disks occur around many Sun-like stars; they are composed of gas and dust that surround the stars and provide the materials out of which planets like the Earth form. Researchers conduct observations of protoplanetary disks to understand their evolution and the formation of planets within them. Disks around heavier stars tend to be more extended and brighter, hence easier to study in detail; those around less massive stars pose more of a challenge to research. The goal of the Strategic Exploration of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru (SEEDS, Note 2) Project, begun in 2009, is to study the disks around less massive stars like the Sun.
As part of the SEEDS Project, the current team chose to target PDS 70, which is located in the constellation Centaurus; is about 460 light years from Earth; and has a mass 90% that of the Sun. Estimated to be about 10 million years old, this is a very young star relative to the 10 billion year life span of Sun-like stars and the 4.6 billion year age of our Sun. Previous observations of the spectral energy distribution and direct imaging by the Very Large Telescope in Chile suggested the presence of a disk, but were not able to determine the details of its structure.
The observations with HiCIAO mounted on the Subaru Telescope clearly show a low-density space between PDS 70 and the inner edge of the disk surrounding it, with a radius as large as 70 astronomical units (AU, the distance between Earth and Sun). Figure 1 shows a darker area in the vicinity of the star, which means there is less material in the area. The high contrast images from HiCIAO enabled this discovery.
Figure 1: HiCIAO mounted on the Subaru Telescope captured this near infrared image of the protoplanetary disk around PDS 70. A software mask blocked out the light in the immediate vicinity of the central star. The colors in the image indicate the luminosity of the infrared light; the white area has stronger infrared radiation while that of the bluer area is weaker. The black area near PDS 70, outside of the software mask, is the gap referred to in the text.
For high resolution versions of the above image, click on the following links: Image only or Image with labels. (Credit: NAOJ)
The huge size of the gap in the disk around PDS 70 led the team to question how the gap formed. By studying the details of the spectral energy distribution (plotting the brightness of light vs. wavelength) of the star itself and the disk, they found another disk at a distance of only 1 AU. Figure 2 illustrates the double disk structure. The inner, much smaller disk is very close to the star, but the current observation does not clearly show that part of the disk because it is behind HiCIAO's mask that blocks the bright light from the central star. Gravitational forces from the planet(s) embedded in the disk might account for this kind of gap in the disk, because they could pull away the material from the disk, and the clearing of the material means less infrared radiation from that area. It would be very difficult for a single planet to create the giant gap in the disk around PDS 70. The research team thinks that more than one planet could be responsible for creating the gap. However, conducting observations to detect such planets is difficult, because the scattered light from the disk can obscure the very faint light emitted from planets.
Figure 2: Artist's rendition of PDS 70 and its two protoplanetary disks, showing the large gap between them. The gravitational force of several newborn planets is probably responsible for the development of such a huge gap between the two disks. (Credit: NAOJ)
The high contrast images made possible by observations with HiCIAO revealed the surprising details of PDS 70's protoplanetary disk. Team leader Jun Hashimoto (NAOJ) commented, "Thanks to the powerful combination of the Subaru Telescope and HiCIAO, we are able to probe the disks around Sun-like stars. PDS 70 shows how our solar system may have looked in its infancy. I want to continue this kind of research to understand the history of planetary formation." Team member Ruobing Dong (Princeton University) agreed and added, "Direct imaging of planets in the process of forming in protoplanetary disks would be ideal so that we can learn when, where, and how planets form."
The team is aware of the challenge posed by the contrast between very faint planets and their bright host stars. In addition, the high activity and variability of the light of young stars makes observations even more difficult. The detection of giant planets is easier, because they cause more gravitational perturbation in the disks. Because big planets create wider gaps in disks, their planet-induced structures are easier to observe. "Our SEEDS study of systems like PDS 70, which has a giant gap that may have been carved out by multiple giant planets, opens up a promising path for directly studying planet formation in disks," Ruobing remarked.
References:
Hashimoto et al. "Polarimetric Imaging -- PDS 70: Observations of the Disk" was published in ApJ Letters on October 10, 2012 (ApJ 758, L19).
Dong et al 2012 "The Structure -- PDS 70 System" is in press in ApJ.
Acknowledgements:
This research was partially supported by funding from the following:
Grant-in-Aid for Science Research in a Priority Area from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan
The Mitsubishi Foundation, Japan
National Science Foundation awards (No. 1009203 and No. 1009314), U.S.A.
Core members of this research group are:
Jun Hashimoto (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)
Ruobing Dong (Princeton University)
Tomoyuki Kudo (Subaru Telescope, NAOJ)
Roman Rafikov (Princeton University)
Mitsuhiko Honda (Kanagawa University)
Zhaohuan Zhu (Princeton University)
Takayuki Muto (Kogakuin University)
Barbara Whitney (Wisconsin University)
Timothy Brandt (Princeton University)
Melissa McClure (The University of Michigan)
John Wisniewski (University of Oklahoma)
Notes:
PDS is an abbreviation for "Pico dos Dias Survey", a catalog name based on the 1990s large-scale survey at Pico dos Dias Observatory in Brazil. About a hundred objects were listed in the catalog. The 70th object on the list was the target of this research. Therefore, it is referred to as PDS 70.
The Strategic Exploration of Exoplanets and Disks with the Subaru Telescope (SEEDS) group used its high performance planet and disk imager, HiCIAO, mounted on the Subaru Telescope to conduct its research. The SEEDS Project began in 2009 for a five-year period using 120 observing nights at Subaru Telescope. Project leader Motohide Tamura is the director of the Extra-Solar Planet Detection Project at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ).
