Like a raindrop forming in a cloud, a star forms in a diffuse gas cloud in deep space. As the star grows, its gravitational pull draws in dust and gas from the surrounding molecular cloud to form a swirling “protoplanetary disk." This disk eventually further consolidates to form planets, moons, asteroids and comets. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
MAUNA KEA, HI—Using both 10-meter Keck telescopes together, astronomers at the W. M. Keck Observatory have been able to peer deeper into proto-planetary disks, swirling clouds of gas and dust that feed the growing stars in their centers and eventually coalesce into new planetary systems.
The team studied 15 young Milky Way stars varying in mass between one half and ten times that of the Sun and used the Keck Interferometer to obtain extremely fine observations to pinpoint the location of the processes that occur right at the boundary between the stars and their surrounding disks, which sit 500 light years from Earth.
The Keck Interferometer combines both 10-meter Keck telescopes to act as an 85-meter telescope, and is a project funded by NASA, in a partnership between the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute and the Keck Observatory. Four years ago, with a grant from the National Science Foundation, a quest began to expand the astrometric capability of the Keck Interferometer with a specifically engineered instrument named ASTRA, or ASTrometric and phase-Referenced Astronomy.
ASTRA aims to provide extremely precise measurements of the positions and movements of stars, gas and dust. “With it in its current state, we are going for young stars and their dust disks,” said Keck Observatory scientist Julien Woillez, co-investigator of the new research and lead of the ASTRA instrument. “As we improve ASTRA, we will soon have the capability to study the motion of planets around older stars, and even the motion of stars around the black hole at the center of our Galaxy.”
The resolution achieved in this study, which will be published in the July 20 Astrophysical Journal, allowed the team to observe proto-planetary disk material within 0.1 astronomical units, or nine million miles, of the target star. One astronomical unit is roughly 93 million miles, or the distance between the Sun and Earth. The precision measurements would be similar to standing on a rooftop in San Francisco and trying to observe a Nene goose nibbling on a grain of rice in Hawai’i.
Stars’ proto-planetary disks form in stellar nurseries when clouds of gas molecules and dust particles begin to collapse under the influence of gravity. Initially rotating slowly, the cloud’s growing mass and gravity cause it to become denser and more compact. Preserving rotational momentum, the cloud begins to spin faster and shrinks, similar to a figure skater spinning faster as she pulls in her arms. The centrifugal force flattens the cloud into a spinning disk of swirling gas and dust — eventually giving rise to planets orbiting their star in roughly the same plane.
Measuring the light emanating from the proto-planetary disks at different wavelengths with the Keck Interferometer and manipulating it further with ASTRA, the astronomers were able to distinguish between the distributions of gas, mostly made up of hydrogen, and dust, thereby resolving the disk’s features.
Astronomers know that stars acquire mass by incorporating some of the hydrogen gas in the disk that surrounds them, in a process called accretion. The team wants to better understand how material accretes onto the star, a process that has never been measured directly, said Joshua Eisner of the University of Arizona and lead author of the paper.
In proto-planetary disks, accretion can happen in one of two ways.
In one scenario, gas is swallowed as it washes up right to the fiery surface of the star. In the second, much more violent scenario, the magnetic fields sweeping from the star push back the approaching gas and cause it to bunch up, creating a gap between the star and its surrounding disk. Rather than lapping at the star’s surface, the hydrogen molecules travel along the magnetic field lines as if on a highway, becoming super-heated and ionized in this process.
“Once trapped in the star’s magnetic field, the gas is being funneled along the field lines arching out high above and below the disk’s plane,” Eisner explained. “The material then crashes into the star’s polar regions at high velocities.”
In this inferno, which releases the energy of millions of Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs every second, some of the arching gas flow is ejected from the disk and spews out far into space as interstellar wind.
“We could successfully discern that in most cases, the gas converts some of its kinetic energy into light very close to the stars,” he said, a tell-tale sign of the more violent accretion scenario.
“In other cases, we saw evidence of winds launched into space together with material accreting on the star,” Eisner added. “We even found an example—around a very high-mass star—in which the disk may reach all the way to the stellar surface.”
Because the disks are young, only a few million years, they will be around for a few more millions of years. “By that time, the first planets, gas giants similar to Jupiter and Saturn, may form, using up a lot of the disk material.”
More solid, rocky planets like the Earth, Venus or Mars, won’t be around until much later.
The building blocks for those more terrestrial planets could be forming now, he added, which is why this research is important for our understanding of how planetary systems form, including those with potentially habitable planets like Earth.
“We are going to see if we can make similar measurements of organic molecules and water in proto-planetary disks,” Eisner said. “Those would be the ones potentially giving rise to planets with the conditions to harbor life.”
The W. M. Keck Observatory operates two 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea on the island of Hawai’i and is a scientific partnership of the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and NASA. For more information please call 808.881.3827 or visit http//www.keckobservatory.org.
