Monday, March 21, 2016

Fast and Furious Black Hole Observed with the William Herschel Telescope

The inset shows a still image showing one of the frames, only 1/40th of a second in exposure time, with a red flash, as observed by the ULTRACAM fast imager on the WHT in the early morning hours of June 26, 2015. Click on the image above to see a movie of fast red flashes from V404 Cygni. A ~6 second segment of the ULTRACAM movie is repeated continuously. The flashes are incredibly short and last less than one second, with some of them being even faster than 1/40th of a second. The flashes are equivalent to a luminosity of about 1000 times the Sun's power. The background image shows a region of the sky in the Cygnus constellation, with the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant on the bottom left [ animated GIF | PNG ]. 


In a paper published in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, astronomers report catching V404 Cygni black hole while it was shimmering and emitting red flashes, some of which were shorter than a timespan of only 1/40th of a second. 

In June 2015, V404 Cygni abruptly started emitting a huge amount of power, becoming one of the brightest objects in the Milky Way Galaxy as seen in X-rays. Telescopes worldwide, including the William Herschel and Isaac Newton Telescopes, followed its ascent in brightness for about two weeks, leading up to June 26, after which the black hole gradually faded away. 

Imagine an object 9 times larger in mass than the Sun, which is radiating 1000 times more energy than our Sun gives off every second. This is the power that was seen to be emitted. As if this weren’t extreme enough, on June 26, the black hole appeared to be agitated and flickering red at high speed. 

The astronomers speculate that while the black hole was being force-fed with material that it had stripped off a neighbouring star, it reacted furiously by blasting away some of the material in the form of a fast-moving ‘jet’. Lead author of the study Dr Poshak Gandhi, Associate Professor and STFC Ernest Rutherford Fellow in the University of Southampton’s Astronomy Group, said: "The duration of these flashing episodes could be related to the switching on and off of a steady jet, seen for the first time in detail.” 

Gandhi also comments: “The very high speed tells us that the region where this red light is being emitted must be very compact. Piecing together clues about the colour, speed, and the power of these flashes, we conclude that this light is being emitted from the base of the black hole jet. The origin of these jets is still unknown, although strong magnetic fields are suspected to play a role." 

Due to the unpredictable nature and rarity of these bright black hole ‘outbursts’, astronomers have very little time to react. For example, V404 Cygni last erupted back in 1989. V404 Cygni was exceptionally bright in June 2015 and provided an excellent opportunity for such work. In fact, this was one of the brightest black hole outbursts in recent years. But most outbursts are far dimmer, making them difficult to study. 

At a distance of 7800 light years from Earth, the black hole is too far away to image its jet in fine detail. But the speedy red flashes were important clues telling the astronomers that such a jet had formed. These observations are state-of-the-art, and could only be carried out with the fast ULTRACAM imager, which happened to be mounted on the WHT in June 2015 for about one week, just in time to catch the flurry of activity. 

Liam Hardy, PhD student at the University of Sheffield, and an ex-ING student support astronomer, said: "It was difficult to catch these signals from V404 Cygni in the small gaps in our scheduled observing, but when we finally spotted the fast flaring activity on our last night, it was tremendously exciting. We knew immediately that these observations would be of great interest to the community." 

The nature of V404 Cygni system was unveiled in 1992, when observations made using the telescopes of the Isaac Newton Group provided the strongest observational evidence for the existence of a stellar-size black hole in our Galaxy



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