A longstanding mystery of astronomy, how supernovas explode, might
finally have been solved with the help of NASA's Nuclear Spectroscopic
Telescope Array (NuSTAR). The high-energy X-ray observatory has mapped
radioactive material in the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A). The
map reveals how shock waves likely rip massive dying stars apart--by
sloshing.
"Stars are spherical balls of gas, and so you might think that when they end their lives and explode, that explosion would look like a uniform ball expanding out with great power," said Fiona Harrison, the principal investigator of NuSTAR at Caltech. "Our new results show how the explosion's heart, or engine, is distorted, possibly because the inner regions literally slosh around before detonating."
Harrison is a co-author of a paper about the results appearing in the Feb. 20 issue of Nature.
In this false-color X-ray image of CAS A, blue traces the distribution
of radioactive titanium-44, which is produced in the heart of the
supernova. More
"Stars are spherical balls of gas, and so you might think that when they end their lives and explode, that explosion would look like a uniform ball expanding out with great power," said Fiona Harrison, the principal investigator of NuSTAR at Caltech. "Our new results show how the explosion's heart, or engine, is distorted, possibly because the inner regions literally slosh around before detonating."
Harrison is a co-author of a paper about the results appearing in the Feb. 20 issue of Nature.
NuSTAR has helped decide between two competing models of supernova explosions: Jets vs. Sloshing. More
How supernovas explode has been a mystery for a long time: video.
When researchers simulate supernova blasts using computers, as a
massive star dies and collapses, the main shock wave often stalls out
and the star fails to shatter. The latest findings strongly suggest the
exploding star literally sloshed around, re-energizing the stalled shock
wave and allowing the star to finally blast off its outer layers.
NuSTAR's target, Cas A, was created when a massive star blew up as
a supernova leaving a dense stellar corpse and its ejected remains. The
light from the explosion reached Earth a few hundred years ago, so we
are seeing the stellar remnant when it was fresh and young.
"With NuSTAR we have a new forensic tool to investigate the explosion,"
said the paper's lead author, Brian Grefenstette of Caltech.
"Previously, it was hard to interpret what was going on in Cas A because
the material that we could see only glows in X-rays when it's heated
up. Now that we can see the radioactive material, which glows in X-rays
no matter what, we are getting a more complete picture of what was going
on at core of the explosion."
NuSTAR is the first telescope capable of producing maps of radioactive
elements in supernova remnants. In this case, the element is
titanium-44, which has an unstable nucleus produced at the heart of the
exploding star. The NuSTAR map of Cas A shows titanium concentrated in
clumps at the remnant's center, which suggests a sloshing action.
The NuSTAR map also casts doubt on other models of supernova
explosions, in which the star is rapidly rotating just before it dies
and launches narrow streams of gas that drive the stellar blast. Though
imprints of jets have been seen before around Cas A, it was not known if
they were triggering the explosion. NuSTAR did not see the titanium,
essentially the radioactive ash from the explosion, in narrow regions
matching the jets, so the jets were not the explosive trigger.
"This is why we built NuSTAR," said Paul Hertz, director of NASA's
astrophysics division in Washington. "To discover things we never knew
-- and did not expect -- about the high-energy universe."
Credits:
Production editor: Dr. Tony Phillips | Credit: Science@NASA
More information:
Why Won't the Supernova Explode? -- this ScienceCast video explores the longstanding mystery of supernova explosions
Supernovas
seed the universe with many elements, including the gold in jewelry,
the calcium in bones and the iron in blood. While small stars like our
sun die less violent deaths, stars at least eight times as massive as
our sun blow up in supernova explosions. The high temperatures and
particles created in the blast fuse light elements together to create
heavier elements. Learn more
