This simulated image shows the interaction between a massive gas giant planet (comparable in mass to Jupiter) and a surrounding protoplanetary disk of gas and dust. New research predicts that intermediate-mass black holes can create gaps in gas disks around supermassive black holes, analogous to the gaps produced by giant planets in disks around stars. The gap provides a signature that might give scientists the first glimpse of this elusive type of black hole. Credit: Phil Armitage, University of Colorado."We know about small black holes, which tend to be close to us and have masses a few to 10 times that of our Sun, and we know about supermassive black holes, which are found in the centres of galaxies and have a mass that's millions to billions of times the mass of the sun," said co-author Saavik Ford, who is a research associate in the Museum's Department of Astrophysics as well as a professor at the Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York (CUNY) and a faculty member at CUNY's Graduate Center. "But we have no evidence for the middle stage. Intermediate-mass black holes are much harder to find."
The birth of an intermediate black hole starts with the death of a star that forms a stellar or low-mass black hole. In order for this "seed" to grow, it must collide with and consume other dead and living stars. But even though there are many billions of stars in large galaxies, there's an even greater proportion of empty space, making collisions a very rare occurrence.
The researchers' new model suggests that previous searches for middleweight black holes might have been focused on the wrong birthing ground.
"The recent focus had been on star clusters, but objects there move very quickly and there's no gas, which makes the chances of a collision very slim," said Barry McKernan, a research associate in the Museum's Department of Astrophysics who is a professor at CUNY's Borough of Manhattan Community College and a faculty member at CUNY's Graduate Center.
The new mechanism turns attention instead to active galactic nuclei, the piping hot and ultra-bright cores of galaxies that feed supermassive black holes. The gas in this system is the key, causing the stars to slow down and conform to a circularised orbit.
"You can think of the stars as cars travelling on a 10-lane highway," McKernan said. "If there were no gas, the cars would be going at very different speeds and mostly staying in their lanes, making the odds of collision low. When you add gas, it slows the cars to matching speeds but also moves them into other lanes, making the odds of collision and consumption much higher."
The resulting collisions allow a stellar black hole to swallow stars and grow. The black hole's size and gravitational pull increase as its mass expands, escalating its chance of further collisions. This phenomenon, called "runaway growth," can lead to the creation of an intermediate-mass black hole.
As they increase in size, the black holes start altering the gas disk that controls them. The researchers' model shows that black holes of a certain mass can create a gap in the gas disk, a signature that might give scientists the first glimpse of intermediate black holes.
The model describing this growth is a scaled-up version of the mechanism for the formation of gas giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. Like intermediate black holes, these planets are thought to have grown in gas disks. The planets, though, developed in disks surrounding newly forming stars. Mordecai-Mark Mac Low, chair of the Department of Astrophysics at the Museum, has modelled that case.
"In some regions, we showed that rocky planets could be moved by the gas into common orbits, where they collide to form objects more than ten times the mass of the Earth, massive enough to attract gas and form gas giant planets," Mac Low said. "The creative work described here applies the same principles to the far more massive disks found at the centres of galaxies, to form black holes rather than giant planets."
Other authors on the paper include Museum research associate Wladimir Lyra from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and Hagai Perets from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
This work was supported in part by NASA and CUNY.
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Kendra Snyder
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Image and caption
An image can be downloaded from http://www.amnh.org/science/papers/intermediateblackhole.php
Caption: This simulated image shows the interaction between a massive gas giant planet (comparable in mass to Jupiter) and a surrounding protoplanetary disk of gas and dust. New research predicts that intermediate-mass black holes can create gaps in gas disks around supermassive black holes, analogous to the gaps produced by giant planets in disks around stars. The gap provides a signature that might give scientists the first glimpse of this elusive type of black hole. Credit: Phil Armitage, University of Colorado
Further information
Research paper: B. McKernan, K.E.S. Ford, W. Lyra, H.B. Perets, "Intermediate mass black holes in AGN disks - I. Production & Growth," Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. (2012).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21486.x
A preprint of the paper can be downloaded from http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.2309
Notes for editors
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