Fig 1. Adaptive optics images of asteroid (21) Lutetia obtained at the W.M. Keck Observatory. Here Lutetia is shown at 10 different times during the night of 2008 Dec 2 UT, plus other times. Here the scale is shown in arcseconds, a measure of angular size. These images have been processed (deconvolved) to enhance clarity. The light and dark markings across the surface are artifacts of the processing and are not real. The changing outline of the asteroid, not any surface markings, is used to derive the asteroid shape. Credit: Dr. Benoit Carry (Paris Observatory), Dr. Al Conrad (Keck Observatory), and Dr. William Merline (Southwest Research Institute)
The W. M. Keck Observatory operates two 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea on the island of Hawai’i and is a scientific partnership of the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and NASA. Credit: Credit: Pablo McLoud/WMKOKamuela, HI, Oct. 7, 2010 - The European Space Agency (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft recently beamed back to Earth a dramatic set of close-up images as it flew past the asteroid Lutetia, on its way to a comet rendezvous in 2014. But even before Rosetta made its close encounter with the 100-kilometer sized asteroid, astronomers using three of the world’s largest telescopes, including the W. M. Keck Observatory, were busy making their own assessment of the asteroid’s shape and size, as well as searching for its satellites. Their pre-flyby images are being compared this week with those from Rosetta at a meeting of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society in Pasadena, California, revealing that the ground-based images are amazingly accurate.
These telescopes all use adaptive optics (AO), which moves the blurring caused by the Earth’s atmosphere. Using something like a fun-house mirror in reverse, AO allows clear pictures to be made, from Earth’s surface, of distant astronomical objects that were impossible to see previously. “Adaptive optics has set in motion an astronomical revolution, bringing new worlds into better view, ranging from asteroids that were previously unresolved pinpoints of light, to the discovery of new planets in other solar systems,” said Dr. William Merline of Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado, lead scientist of the international team that made the observations, funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation. Two of the telescopes are atop Mauna Kea in Hawaii: the W.M. Keck telescope with its 10-meter mirror and the Gemini telescope, equipped with an 8-meter mirror. The 8-meter Very Large Telescope (VLT) of the European Southern Observatory in Chile was also used.
“We carefully evaluated the size and shape of Lutetia, and pinned down the orientation of its spin pole using telescopes on Earth, prior to the flyby,” reported Dr. Jack Drummond, an astronomer at Starfire Optical Range in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where AO was first developed in the early 1990s and can be considered the cradle of adaptive optics. Drummond is an expert in turning AO images into models of asteroids, detailing their shapes and sizes. He is the lead author on the first of two papers predicting the appearance of Lutetia, which are now in press in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics. Drummond adds, “after the many years developing these techniques at Starfire, it is gratifying to see how well they work when put to this kind of test.”
Rosetta’s Lutetia encounter provided a rare chance to combine the strengths of spacecraft and ground-based approaches to understand the complex shapes and elusive sizes of asteroids. For decades, astronomers watched Lutetia change brightness as it rotates. Before adaptive optics, such “lightcurve” studies were the only way astronomers could infer the shape of a body like Lutetia. “A sphere will have a flat lightcurve, an egg will have a lightcurve that goes up and down smoothly like an ocean swell, but an irregular potato-shape will look like your EKG on a bad day!”, says Dr. Al Conrad of Keck Observatory, where many of the observations were made.
While lightcurves provide approximate shape, they cannot provide fine detail nor absolute scale. “AO has dramatically improved our ability to determine asteroid shapes from the ground by providing both of these missing ingredients,” said team member Dr. Benoit Carry of Paris Observatory, who led the efforts to produce the “shape model”, derived by combining AO images with decades of lightcurve observations taken on smaller telescopes. “We dubbed this new technique KOALA, for Knitted Occultation Adaptive Optics, and Lightcurve Analysis. With it, we can make much improved use of our own data and of previous studies,” adds Carry, who leads the second paper and worked to develop KOALA in collaboration with Dr. Mikko Kaasalainen of Tampere University, Finland. The results were provided to the Rosetta mission teams ahead of the flyby to assist in planning.
Such ground-based imaging can help prepare for spacecraft flybys in other ways as well. “We determined that the spin pole of the asteroid was highly inclined, and almost in its orbital plane, much like that of Uranus,” says Carry. “We predicted that Rosetta would see only the northern hemisphere and that the southern hemisphere would be dark and cold,” he said --- predictions borne out by the flyby data.
“This encounter enables us to verify, validate, and calibrate our method of combining AO data with lightcurve studies,” noted Merline. “Our goal is to apply this technique to many other asteroids to find their sizes and shapes. The validation from these flyby images gives us confidence that we can do so. We can observe about 200 asteroids in this manner now, and that number will increase as larger telescopes are built,” he adds.
“The tremendous power of the Keck telescope, when coupled with AO, is demonstrated superbly in the Lutetia data,” says Conrad. Because asteroids have no active geology, such as volcanoes or tectonics, their shapes result from collision with other, smaller, asteroids. “Details of shape, such as flat facets or apparent concavities, help reveal the history of asteroid collisions,” he adds. The importance of collisions can be seen in the crater-marked surface of the Moon, reminding us that asteroids continue to pose a threat to Earth.
The AO images from large telescopes, used in concert with lightcurves and the spacecraft images, go beyond validation, however. By combining all data, Lutetia’s shape could be accurately determined, allowing astronomers to compute its volume. Moreover, measurements of the gravitational tug from Lutetia on the spacecraft as it flew past the asteroid will yield a very accurate mass. Mass and volume, taken together, will provide the density of Lutetia. Density is the concept of how much something weighs for its size. For example, two wrapped birthday gifts of the same size, one of Styrofoam™ and one of lead, would invoke very different speculations from a recipient. Asteroid compositions could potentially span the full range from ice to rock to iron. Different compositions of an asteroid could be distinguished by different densities. Astronomers use this “birthday present” approach, combined with information from studies of the brightness and color of the surface, to infer the type of rock (or ice or metal) that makes up an asteroid.
Lutetia was first categorized as an M-type asteroid in the 1970s by team member Dr. Clark Chapman, also of SwRI. “Some people think that M-type asteroids must be metallic, but it has always been known that some might be rocky, like the so-called enstatite chondrite meterorites,” says Chapman. “While Lutetia is not metallic, its composition is still a mystery and it may even be unlike anything we have in our meteorite collections. We hope that getting an accurate density will help us answer this question,” he says. The spacecraft data will be combined with past and future ground-based observations, and the secret of Lutetia’s composition may be revealed in
the coming months.
In addition to studying its size and shape, the scientists also searched for satellites of Lutetia, but none were found. “We wanted to know if satellites were present because they would at the same time provide new objects for study during the flyby, but would also pose a risk to the spacecraft that could be avoided with prior knowledge,” says Merline.
The W. M. Keck Observatory operates two 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea. The twin telescopes feature a suite of advanced instrumentation including imagers, multi-object spectrographs, high-resolution spectrographs, integral-field spectroscopy and a world-leading laser guide star adaptive optics system. The Observatory is a private 501(c) 3 organization and a scientific partnership of the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and NASA.
These telescopes all use adaptive optics (AO), which moves the blurring caused by the Earth’s atmosphere. Using something like a fun-house mirror in reverse, AO allows clear pictures to be made, from Earth’s surface, of distant astronomical objects that were impossible to see previously. “Adaptive optics has set in motion an astronomical revolution, bringing new worlds into better view, ranging from asteroids that were previously unresolved pinpoints of light, to the discovery of new planets in other solar systems,” said Dr. William Merline of Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado, lead scientist of the international team that made the observations, funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation. Two of the telescopes are atop Mauna Kea in Hawaii: the W.M. Keck telescope with its 10-meter mirror and the Gemini telescope, equipped with an 8-meter mirror. The 8-meter Very Large Telescope (VLT) of the European Southern Observatory in Chile was also used.
“We carefully evaluated the size and shape of Lutetia, and pinned down the orientation of its spin pole using telescopes on Earth, prior to the flyby,” reported Dr. Jack Drummond, an astronomer at Starfire Optical Range in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where AO was first developed in the early 1990s and can be considered the cradle of adaptive optics. Drummond is an expert in turning AO images into models of asteroids, detailing their shapes and sizes. He is the lead author on the first of two papers predicting the appearance of Lutetia, which are now in press in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics. Drummond adds, “after the many years developing these techniques at Starfire, it is gratifying to see how well they work when put to this kind of test.”
Rosetta’s Lutetia encounter provided a rare chance to combine the strengths of spacecraft and ground-based approaches to understand the complex shapes and elusive sizes of asteroids. For decades, astronomers watched Lutetia change brightness as it rotates. Before adaptive optics, such “lightcurve” studies were the only way astronomers could infer the shape of a body like Lutetia. “A sphere will have a flat lightcurve, an egg will have a lightcurve that goes up and down smoothly like an ocean swell, but an irregular potato-shape will look like your EKG on a bad day!”, says Dr. Al Conrad of Keck Observatory, where many of the observations were made.
While lightcurves provide approximate shape, they cannot provide fine detail nor absolute scale. “AO has dramatically improved our ability to determine asteroid shapes from the ground by providing both of these missing ingredients,” said team member Dr. Benoit Carry of Paris Observatory, who led the efforts to produce the “shape model”, derived by combining AO images with decades of lightcurve observations taken on smaller telescopes. “We dubbed this new technique KOALA, for Knitted Occultation Adaptive Optics, and Lightcurve Analysis. With it, we can make much improved use of our own data and of previous studies,” adds Carry, who leads the second paper and worked to develop KOALA in collaboration with Dr. Mikko Kaasalainen of Tampere University, Finland. The results were provided to the Rosetta mission teams ahead of the flyby to assist in planning.
Such ground-based imaging can help prepare for spacecraft flybys in other ways as well. “We determined that the spin pole of the asteroid was highly inclined, and almost in its orbital plane, much like that of Uranus,” says Carry. “We predicted that Rosetta would see only the northern hemisphere and that the southern hemisphere would be dark and cold,” he said --- predictions borne out by the flyby data.
“This encounter enables us to verify, validate, and calibrate our method of combining AO data with lightcurve studies,” noted Merline. “Our goal is to apply this technique to many other asteroids to find their sizes and shapes. The validation from these flyby images gives us confidence that we can do so. We can observe about 200 asteroids in this manner now, and that number will increase as larger telescopes are built,” he adds.
“The tremendous power of the Keck telescope, when coupled with AO, is demonstrated superbly in the Lutetia data,” says Conrad. Because asteroids have no active geology, such as volcanoes or tectonics, their shapes result from collision with other, smaller, asteroids. “Details of shape, such as flat facets or apparent concavities, help reveal the history of asteroid collisions,” he adds. The importance of collisions can be seen in the crater-marked surface of the Moon, reminding us that asteroids continue to pose a threat to Earth.
The AO images from large telescopes, used in concert with lightcurves and the spacecraft images, go beyond validation, however. By combining all data, Lutetia’s shape could be accurately determined, allowing astronomers to compute its volume. Moreover, measurements of the gravitational tug from Lutetia on the spacecraft as it flew past the asteroid will yield a very accurate mass. Mass and volume, taken together, will provide the density of Lutetia. Density is the concept of how much something weighs for its size. For example, two wrapped birthday gifts of the same size, one of Styrofoam™ and one of lead, would invoke very different speculations from a recipient. Asteroid compositions could potentially span the full range from ice to rock to iron. Different compositions of an asteroid could be distinguished by different densities. Astronomers use this “birthday present” approach, combined with information from studies of the brightness and color of the surface, to infer the type of rock (or ice or metal) that makes up an asteroid.
Lutetia was first categorized as an M-type asteroid in the 1970s by team member Dr. Clark Chapman, also of SwRI. “Some people think that M-type asteroids must be metallic, but it has always been known that some might be rocky, like the so-called enstatite chondrite meterorites,” says Chapman. “While Lutetia is not metallic, its composition is still a mystery and it may even be unlike anything we have in our meteorite collections. We hope that getting an accurate density will help us answer this question,” he says. The spacecraft data will be combined with past and future ground-based observations, and the secret of Lutetia’s composition may be revealed in
the coming months.
In addition to studying its size and shape, the scientists also searched for satellites of Lutetia, but none were found. “We wanted to know if satellites were present because they would at the same time provide new objects for study during the flyby, but would also pose a risk to the spacecraft that could be avoided with prior knowledge,” says Merline.
The W. M. Keck Observatory operates two 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea. The twin telescopes feature a suite of advanced instrumentation including imagers, multi-object spectrographs, high-resolution spectrographs, integral-field spectroscopy and a world-leading laser guide star adaptive optics system. The Observatory is a private 501(c) 3 organization and a scientific partnership of the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and NASA.
