Image Caption: The three images reveal gases trapped in the flux rope at different temperatures, from 1.5 million degrees Celsius in the image on the left through to 2.5 million degrees Celsius in the right hand image. These were made with data taken by the EIS telescope, an instrument built by a team led by UCL-MSSL and deployed on the Hinode spacecraft (a joint JAXA/UK/NASA mission). Credit: JAXA/ISAS/NASA/STFC. Full size version
Movie Caption: Link to quicktime movie. The movie is made using data taken by NASA's STEREO mission and shows the development of the S-shaped source region containing the flux rope and its subsequent eruption as a coronal mass ejection. Credit: NASA. Over the last century, astronomers have become very aware of how just dynamic the Sun really is. One of the most dramatic manifestations of this is a coronal mass ejection (CME) where billions of tons of matter is thrown into space. If a CME reaches the Earth it creates inclement ‘space weather’ that can disrupt communications, power grids and the delicate systems on orbiting satellites. This potential damage means there is a keen interest in understanding exactly what triggers a CME outburst.
Now a team of researchers from University College London (UCL) have used data from the Hinode spacecraft to reveal new details of the formation of an immense magnetic structure that erupted to produce a CME on the 7th December 2007. Lead researcher Dr Lucie Green will present their results on Monday 12th April at the RAS National Astronomy Meeting in Glasgow.
The Sun’s behaviour is shaped by the presence of magnetic fields that thread through the solar atmosphere. The magnetic fields may take on different shapes from uniform arches to coherent bundles of field lines known as ‘flux ropes’. Understanding the exact structure of magnetic fields is a crucial part of the effort to determine how the fields evolve and the role they play in solar eruptions. In particular, flux ropes are thought to play a vital role in the CME process, having been frequently detected in interplanetary space as CMEs reach the vicinity of the Earth.
Dr. Green says, “Magnetic flux ropes have been observed in interplanetary space for many years now and they are widely invoked in theoretical descriptions of how CMEs are produced. We now need observations to confirm or reject the existence of flux ropes in the solar atmosphere before an eruption takes place to see whether our theories are correct.”
The formation of the flux rope requires that significant energy is stored in the solar atmosphere. The rope is expected to remain stable whilst the solar magnetic field in the vicinity holds it down.
But at some point the structure becomes unstable and it erupts to produce a CME. Using data from the Hinode spacecraft Dr. Green has shown that a flux rope formed in the solar atmosphere over the 2.5 days that preceded the December 2007 event. Evidence for the flux rope takes the form of S shaped structures which are clearly seen by one of the Hinode instruments, the UK-led Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope.
The key point to understanding and predicting the formation of CMEs is to know when the flux rope becomes unstable. Combining the observations of the S shaped structure with information on how the magnetic field in the region evolves has enabled Dr.Green to work out when this happened. The work shows that over 30% of the magnetic field of the region had been transformed into the flux rope before it became unstable, three times what has been suggested in theory.
Dr Green sees a better understanding of magnetic flux ropes and their role in emissions from the Sun and other stars as one of the most pressing questions not just for solar physics but astronomy as a whole.
She comments, “Flux ropes are thought to play a vital role in the evolution of the magnetic field of the Sun. However, the physics of flux ropes is applied across the Universe. For example, a solar physics model of flux rope ejection was recently used to explain the jets driven by the accretion disks around the supermassive black holes found in the centre of galaxies.”
CONTACTS
Dr Lucie Green
Mullard Space Science Laboratory
University College London
E-mail: lmg@mssl.ucl.ac.uk
NAM 2010 Press Office (12th – 16th April only)
Room G358
Gilbert Scott Building
University of Glasgow.
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Dr Robert Massey
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Anita Heward
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IMAGE AND MOVIE
Image and movie available from the password-protected site http://www.astro.gla.ac.uk/~iain/nam_temp/press/ username: nam2010, password: 67$%nam
Image: The three images reveal gases trapped in the flux rope at different temperatures, from 1.5 million degrees Celsius in the image on the left through to 2.5 million degrees Celsius in the right hand image. These were made with data taken by the EIS telescope, an instrument built by a team led by UCL-MSSL and deployed on the Hinode spacecraft (a joint JAXA/UK/NASA mission). Credit: JAXA/ISAS/NASA/STFC
Movie: The movie is made using data taken by NASA's STEREO mission and shows the development of the S-shaped source region containing the flux rope and its subsequent eruption as a coronal mass ejection. Credit: NASA
Movie: The movie is made using data taken by NASA's STEREO mission and shows the development of the S-shaped source region containing the flux rope and its subsequent eruption as a coronal mass ejection. Credit: NASA
NOTES FOR EDITORS
Dr Lucie Green is a Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellow. This research work was funded by the Royal Society.
HINODE
The Hinode spacecraft is a joint JAXA, NASA and UK mission. UCL led the development of the Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer onboard this mission. For more information on these see http://msslxr.mssl.ucl.ac.uk:8080/SolarB/
NOTES FOR EDITORS
RAS NATIONAL ASTRONOMY MEETING (NAM 2010)
The RAS National Astronomy Meeting 2010 will take place from 12-16th April at the University of Glasgow. The conference is held in conjunction with the UK Solar Physics (UKSP) and Magnetosphere Ionosphere and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (MIST) meetings. NAM2010 (www.astro.gla.ac.uk/nam2010/) is principally sponsored by the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) and the University of Glasgow.
THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS: www.ras.org.uk), founded in 1820, encourages and promotes the study of astronomy, solar-system science, geophysics and closely related branches of science. The RAS organises scientific meetings, publishes international research and review journals, recognises outstanding achievements by the award of medals and prizes, maintains an extensive library, supports education through grants and outreach activities and represents UK astronomy nationally and internationally. Its more than 3000 members (Fellows), a third based overseas, include scientific researchers in universities, observatories and laboratories as well as historians of astronomy and others.
THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW
THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW
The University of Glasgow (founded 1451) is one of the world’s top 100 research universities with more than 70 per cent of its research rated as world-leading or internationally excellent. The Physics and Astronomy Department is one of the top four in the UK’s major research-intensive universities, the Russell Group.
The conference comes to Glasgow during the 250th anniversary year of the founding of the Regius Chair of Astronomy at the University of Glasgow, first held by astronomer and meteorologist Alexander Wilson in 1760. The present incumbent is Prof. John Brown, 10th Astronomer Royal for Scotland.
