Fig. 1: This image shows one of the largest known single objects in the Universe, the Lyman-alpha blob LAB-1. The intense Lyman-alpha ultraviolet radiation from the blob appears green after it has been stretched by the expansion of the Universe during its long journey to Earth. Credit: ESO/M. Hayes
Fig. 2: Example of the inhomogeneous intergalactic medium around a Lyman-alpha emitter. The colouring indicates the number density of hydrogen atoms with the scale given at the top.
Fig. 3: Surface brightness maps for a Lyman-alpha emitter as seen along six different lines of sight. In the simulations, these were achieved by rotating the simulation cube and looking through the six different sides. The surface brightness values in each pixel are colour-coded according to the scale at the top.Lyman-alpha emitters are currently one of the main probes of the epoch of reionization, which took place between 150 million and one billion years after the Big Bang. Recent studies by scientists at MPA have shown that all Lyman-alpha emitters have a faint extended halo containing their true total flux, but current observations only probe the bright tip of the surface brightness profiles of these objects. Inhomogeneities in the inter-galactic gas further complicate the situation by adding scatter to the total observed flux from these sources. Studies of the epoch of reionization therefore need not only deeper observations but also detailed modelling of the radiative transfer in the intervening intergalactic medium.
Lyman-alpha emitters (LAEs) are a group of galaxies emitting a significant fraction of their radiation at wavelengths around 121.567 nm, the so called Lyman-alpha line of hydrogen. As this is more easily detectable for far-away objects, where the line has been shifted away from its original UV-wavelength to optical light, this property has been used to specifically detect LAEs at high redshifts (up to z=8), when our Universe was less than a billion years old.
However, life is complicated for these Lyman-alpha photons at very high redshifts (z>6). The gas in the inter-galactic medium (IGM) around these galaxies tends to be more and more neutral, leading to increased scattering. Just like fog scatters and dims the headlights of a car, the neutral hydrogen atoms make the LAEs fainter and eventually too faint for detection. On the other hand, this effect can be used to understand the changes in the IGM from a neutral to a highly ionized state known as the epoch of reionization.
The probability of scattering is highest when the wavelength of the photon is closest to the original wavelength of the Lyman-alpha line. As the photon travels (unscattered) towards the observer, it becomes red-shifted towards longer wavelengths due to cosmic expansion. Therefore, the IGM closest to the galaxy has the highest impact on Lyman-alpha photon scattering.
The details of this scattering depend on various properties of the hydrogen in the gas, in particular its density, velocity and level of ionization. Moreover, inhomogeneities in the IGM (see Fig. 2) could significantly affect the radiative transfer of the Lyman-alpha photons.
Scientists at MPA performed a new study of this effect, combining detailed cosmological simulations of the IGM close to the galaxy with radiative transfer calculations of the Lyman-alpha radiation. Their analysis shows that the scattering behaviour of Lyman-alpha photons is extremely complex with large variations along different lines of sight (see Fig. 3). The LAEs appear not as point sources but as extended haloes with complex structure and the total Lyman-alpha flux can vary by a factor of 3 for the same object, depending on the line of sight. This makes it difficult to link the Lyman-alpha flux to galaxy properties.
An additional complication arises from the detection threshold of observation campaigns. Depending on the depth of an observational survey, only some of the pixels of the surface brightness profile will be above the detection threshold. However, due to the structure in the IGM and the scattering of Lyman-alpha photons, the flux arriving in each pixel of an LAE imaging campaign can vary by several orders of magnitude. This means that only a fraction of the total flux along this particular line of sight would be detected and assigned to the LAE - only the tip of the iceberg actually shows.
Towards higher redshifts, achieving deep detection thresholds becomes increasingly harder, which contributes to the effective dimming of LAEs in these observational campaigns. This in turn would affect the estimation of the IGM neutral fraction using the detection of LAEs in observational surveys.
Thus this study emphasises the need for deep observations of the LAEs as well as detailed 3D radiative transfer simulations to properly model these objects. Only then can they be used as accurate probes to study the distant universe and the epoch of reionisation.
Akila Jeeson-Daniel, Benedetta Ciardi, Umberto Maio, Marco Pierleoni, Mark Dijkstra, Antonella Maselli
Original publication
Akila Jeeson-Daniel, Benedetta Ciardi, Umberto Maio, Marco Pierleoni, Mark Dijkstra, Antonella Maselli, “Effect of Intergalactic Medium on the Observability of Lyman Alpha Emitters during Cosmic Reionization”, accepted for publication in MNRAS. http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.2554 . Print version
